Noteworthy in Version 1.2.7¶

Summary:

Support Gherkin v6 grammar (to simplify usage of Example Mapping)
Use/Support cucumber-tag-expressions (superceed: old-style tag-expressions)
cucumber-tag-expressions are extended by “tag-matching” to match partial tag names, like: @foo.*
Select-by-location for Scenario Containers (Feature, Rule, ScenarioOutline)
Support for emojis in feature files and steps
Improve Active-Tags Logic

Support Gherkin v6 Grammar¶

Grammar changes:

Rule concept added to better correspond to Example Mapping concepts
Add aliases for Scenario and Scenario Outline (for similar reasons)

A Rule (or: business rule) allows to group multiple Scenario(s)/Example(s):

# -- RULE GRAMMAR PSEUDO-CODE:
@tag1 @tag2
Rule: Optional Rule Title...
    Description?        #< CARDINALITY: 0..1 (optional)
    Background?         #< CARDINALITY: 0..1 (optional)
    Scenario*           #< CARDINALITY: 0..N (many)
    ScenarioOutline*    #< CARDINALITY: 0..N (many)

Gherkin v6 keyword aliases:

| Concept          | Preferred Keyword | Alias(es)          |
| Scenario         | Example           | Scenario           |
| Scenario Outline | Scenario Outline  | Scenario Template  |

Example:

# -- FILE: features/example_with_rules.feature
# USING: Gherkin v6
Feature: With Rules

  Background: Feature.Background
    Given feature background step_1

  Rule: Rule_1
    Background: Rule_1.Background
      Given rule_1 background step_1

    Example: Rule_1.Example_1
      Given rule_1 scenario_1 step_1

  Rule: Rule_2

    Example: Rule_2.Example_1
      Given rule_2 scenario_1 step_1

  Rule: Rule_3
    Background: Rule_3.EmptyBackground
    Example: Rule_3.Example_1
      Given rule_3 scenario_1 step_1

Overview of the Example Mapping concepts:

Tag-Expressions v2¶

cucumber-tag-expressions are now supported and superceed the old-style tag-expressions (which are deprecating). cucumber-tag-expressions are much more readible and flexible to select tags on command-line.

# -- SIMPLE TAG-EXPRESSION EXAMPLES:
@a and @b
@a or  @b
not @a

# -- MORE TAG-EXPRESSION EXAMPLES:
# HINT: Boolean expressions can be grouped with parenthesis.
@a and not @b
(@a or @b) and not @c

Example:

# -- SELECT-BY-TAG-EXPRESSION (with tag-expressions v2):
# Sellect all features / scenarios with both "@foo" and "@bar" tags.
$ behave --tags="@foo and @bar" features/

Tag Matching with Tag-Expressions¶

The new tag-expressions also support partial string/tag matching with wildcards.

# -- FILE: features/one.feature
Feature: Alice

  @foo.one
  Scenario: Alice.1
    ...

  @foo.two
  Scenario: Alice.2
    ...

  @bar
  Scenario: Alice.3
    ...

The following command-line will select all features / scenarios with tags that start with “@foo.”:

$ behave -f plain --tags="@foo.*" features/one.feature
Feature: Alice

  Scenario: Alice.1
    ...

  Scenario: Alice.2
    ...

# -- HINT: Only Alice.1 and Alice.2 are matched (not: Alice.3).

Hint

Filename matching wildcards are supported. See fnmatch (Unix style filename matching).
The tag matching functionality is an extension to cucumber-tag-expressions.

Select-by-location for Scenario Containers¶

In the past, it was already possible to scenario(s) by using its file-location.

A file-location has the schema: <FILENAME>:<LINE_NUMBER>. Example: features/alice.feature:12 (refers to line 12 in features/alice.feature file).

Rules to select Scenarios by using the file-location:

Scenario: Use a file-location that points to the keyword/title or its steps (until next Scenario/Entity starts).
Scenario of a ScenarioOutline: Use the file-location of its Examples row.

Now you can select all entities of a Scenario Container (Feature, Rule, ScenarioOutline):

Feature: Use file-location before first contained entity/Scenario starts.
Rule: Use file-location from keyword/title line to line before its first Scenario/Background.
ScenarioOutline: Use file-location from keyword/title line to line before its Examples rows.

A file-location into a Scenario Container selects all its entities (Scenarios, …).

Support for Emojis in Feature Files and Steps¶

Emojis can now be used in *.feature files.
Emojis can now be used in step definitions.
You can now use language=emoji (em) in *.feature files ;-)

# -- FILE: features/i18n_emoji.feature
# language: em
# SOURCE: https://github.com/cucumber/cucumber/blob/master/gherkin/testdata/good/i18n_emoji.feature

📚: 🙈🙉🙊

  📕: 💃
    😐🎸

# -- FILE: features/steps/i18n_emoji_steps.py
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# NEEDED-BY: features/i18n_emoji.feature

from behave import given

@given(u'🎸')
def step_impl(context):
    """Step implementation example with emoji(s)."""
    pass

Improve Active-Tags Logic¶

The active-tag computation logic was slightly changed (and fixed):

if multiple active-tags with same category are used
combination of positive active-tags (use.with_{category}={value}) and negative active-tags (not.with_{category}={value}) with same category are now supported

All active-tags with same category are combined into one category tag-group. The following logical expression is used for active-tags with the same category:

category_tag_group.enabled := positive-tag-expression and not negative-tag-expression
  positive-tag-expression  := enabled(tag1) or enabled(tag2) or ...
  negative-tag-expression  := enabled(tag3) or enabled(tag4) or ...
   tag1, tag2 are positive-tags, like @use.with_category=value
   tag3, tag4 are negative-tags, like @not.with_category=value

EXAMPLE:

Feature: Active-Tag Example

  @use.with_browser=Safari
  @use.with_browser=Chrome
  @not.with_browser=Firefox
  Scenario: Use one active-tag group/category

    HINT: Only executed with web browser Safari and Chrome, Firefox is explicitly excluded.
    ...

  @use.with_browser=Firefox
  @use.with_os=linux
  @use.with_os=darwin
  Scenario: Use two active-tag groups/categories

    HINT 1: Only executed with browser: Firefox
    HINT 2: Only executed on OS: Linux and Darwin (macOS)
    ...